African Insurgency Groups: Causes and Responses

African Insurgency Groups: Causes and Responses Daniel Silberstein Because of a spate of brutal assaults from the Kenyan cash-flow to the coast President Uhuru Kenyatta has proclaimed that they â€Å"will not jump in war against terrorists†, explicitly against the Al-Shabaab activist gathering headquartered in Somalia. His openly announced situation of a hearty, forceful, and proceeded with reaction against what he alludes to as a, â€Å"extremist caliphate† purpose on affirming strength in the locale, is sure to be met with both solidarity and analysis among Kenyans, Africans, and the worldwide network. Nigeria, home to Africa’s biggest economy (as indicated by an April BBC report) likewise ends up near the very edge of a bigger clash. Flanked by aggressor insurrection, credited generally to the Boko Haram, in the north and the new capital of robbery on its southern shores. The resonations of these contentions are questionable. Be that as it may, so as to predict, and maybe mollify, the outcomes of this battle, and to restrain the obliteration we are probably going to observe, it is principal that universal intercessions adjust and connections be drawn between this rising dispute and contemporary clashes that characterize current fighting. Right off the bat, this ought not be seen as just an indication of the advocated story of another African suffering. This is to state that, generally, animosities were moderately constrained in provincial degree. This doesn't make light of the inexcusable past clashes in Africa: the abhorrences of decimation â€, for example, Rwanda, Darfur, and so on and dug in delayed fighting â€, for example, Mali, Democratic Republic of Congo, and so forth. This is just, and fundamentally, to outline that the implications of fighting in Africa is rapidly turning into a worldwide peril. The staggering commitment to this emergencies up until now? Cash, and truly huge amounts of it. A 2009 WSJ article by Dambisa Moyo evaluated over $1 trillion indeed. Along these lines, while the expectations of helping with reducing viciousness and debasement in the area have existed for a considerable length of time, through outside guide and, military and political associations, it is clear that the structures set up for assistance and the board have neglected to meet desires. The current arrangement of help in Africa has gotten practically ludicrous. General terms of help have come up short, best case scenario and have been effectively unsafe at the very least. A significant part of the legislative installations that have developed from the deluge of ineffectively circulated help have really smothered the certified advancement of their particular bodies electorate. Political establishments have proliferated generally as center men, profiteering from the progression of help. In 201 3, Transparency International set everything except five Sub-Saharan countries on the base portion of its defilement rankings list. Another strategy is basic to encourage wellbeing and increase financial development. A talk about the support of well off countries in savvy mediation and venture is turning out to be increasingly fundamental. That being stated, unfazed by strife Africa is nearly another day. Racked between geo-political remnants of government and defenseless as likely prey to an unapproachable globalized economy, the locale has urgently been looking for an a dependable balance of dependability since the finish of WW2. Regardless of a gridlock of defilement, partisan brutality, and helpful debacles, this century is ready to see African countries pushed into a raised worldwide status, both strategically and monetarily. Nations like Botswana, Angola, and numerous others are encountering a gigantic development in their working class divisions, which as per â€Å"The Economist† is anticipated to rise to India’s white collar class at some point in 2015. While not what could be compared to the Western standard for white collar class this, customer base will exponentially expand the attractiveness and impact of Africa’s monetary offers. The results of expanded monetary relevance is clear all through. A maturing gathering of very rich people dot the mainland, twenty-nine in certainty as indicated by Forbes in March. This is up from twenty just a single year sooner. Without a doubt, many are South African or hail from Northern Africa, nations not regularly encircled with Sub-Saharan Africa, yet the closeness itself confers remarkable quality. While practical and productive huge organizations create, alongside a steady white collar class, numerous African nations’ governments are starting to politically develop. Indeed, even pockets of progress from progressively sagacious guide programs exist, particularly with small scale awards and credits to ground-level African business visionaries, demining activities, and the multiplication of instructive chances. Considering Africa’s recorded disappointments, and a maybe dubious grasp upon a flood of quick turn of events, what are the correct responses to best encourage harmony and soundness? The need of outside guide mediation despite everything exists. Reexamining the dispersion and access of help, and creating judicious intercession systems to agree to quantifiable results is the main trust in these countries to conquer the greatness of difficulty that frequents the mainland. Constantly, it appears to me, certain measures must be met before a country can plan to prosper: security and solidness, straightforwardness and responsibility, and the improvement of business and framework. While these rules are in no way, shape or form restrictive of each other, nor carefully sequential in execution. Be that as it may, some similarity to this request is essential, particularly considering the natural separation of government approaches to the populaces they oversee. The relapse of the security circumstance, especially Nigeria and Kenya the rising stars of confidence, takes steps to wreck these upwardly versatile nations by the genuine capability of a contention whose extension can without much of a stretch surpass any in African history. The most noteworthy qualification of this rising clash are the connections to a very much supported and yearning global fear based oppressor culture. In spite of the fact that insight is innately flawed while assessing fanatic gath erings, connects between African insurrection gatherings and associations like Al Qaeda and (if not as of now, positively soon) ISIS are everything except guaranteed. Considering developing clashes with borderless radical associations, and recently discovered riches, African resistance spending plans have taken off 65% since 2004, as indicated by The Economist, more noteworthy than some other area in that time period. Nearly come what may, since the beginning of the Cold War time, expanding protection financial plans are frequently demonstrative of approaching emergencies, as far as savagery as well as in the end of common freedoms and universal precariousness. To improve this the offer of materiel must follow a severe and unfair rule. This is the reason the worldwide network must be firm and discerning, even uncertain, as Kenya and Nigeria set out on their own special â€Å"War on Terror†. Lamentably, the overall revenue for assembling in the worthwhile arms showcase is rapidly setting up a spot in Africa. A similar Economist article disclosed that â€Å"four significant European arms producers have set up African auxiliaries this yearâ⠂¬ . These will no uncertainty become financial aids yet they convey with them the dormancy of war. One of McNamara’s exercises gets applicable, â€Å"Proportionality ought to be a rule in war†, in fact both in the way in which it is pursued and in the avoidance of unnecessary animosity. Issues emerge with expanded military spending, the availability of war and the support of consumptions propels countries to treat each issue like a nail with the sledges of programmed rifles. This is the regularly ignored analysis of automaton fighting. They are frequently progressively exact, precise, and less able to mistake than kept an eye on machines. An automaton pilot in Nevada, administered by swarms of high-positioning authorities and attorneys, is less defenseless against base endurance impulses and careless choices. In any case, openness brings us into struggle. At the point when the dread of setback checks are not spread on news communicates, a feeling of safety jumbles knowledge. Notwithstanding a greedy adversary it is justifiable, however unfortunate, that one looks for wellbeing behind the procurement of arms and gag flashes. A few steps have been made fully expecting rash military activity. The U.N.’s Forward Intervention Brigade and African Union Peacekeepers have had achievement in introducing a brought together front; the term alliance ought to be stayed away from nowadays to maintain a strategic distance from negative meanings. These associations likewise loan some straightforwardness to one-sided activities and an increasingly legitimate appraisal of the outcome of military tasks. Clearly these strategies for taking up arms are in no way, shape or form flawless, it is a positive development. Common policing will be central in forestalling barbarity. Andrew Muzonzini, the lead for Zimbabwe’s outer knowledge office offers an intelligent understanding in a Business Insider Article that is in accordance with the proper methodology, â€Å"Ahead of time, we should look to comprehend (the Islamic State) usual methodology on the off chance that we are to envision and anticipate difficulties ahead†. This end, ideally shared among the milieu of African governmental issues, will (ideally) be demonstrative of a watchful and conscious game-plan to repulse fanatic conduct. A solid inside resistance approach joined with definitely characterized and inflexibly custom-made strategic trips, focusing on just privately validated goals, ought to be the principles of this beginning clash. The worldwide network needs to encourage such evenhanded activities. More significant than budgetary help, more exact than cutting edge weaponry, we should confer the exercises of an insufficient and delayed clash. The way wherein we shield ourselves o ught not be so expansive as to estrange us from the world on the loose. Africa’s Muslim population’s wellbeing must be guarantee

Marketing assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Showcasing task - Essay Example For my situation, I relate offer to Starbucks espresso. Starbucks is the biggest café organization on the planet and has its home office in Seattle, Washington D.C and numerous outlets everywhere throughout the world. Starbucks sells among different beverages, espresso. My basic choice procedure of Starbucks espresso is reliant on its method of arrangement, the vitality substance of the Starbucks espresso drink, the synthetic substance, the taste, shading, condition, standard of value, smell, accessibility of the beverage, and the invigorating idea of the Starbucks espresso. Aside from other outside components that may influence my decision for Starbucks espresso like atmosphere, my choice of Starbucks espresso depends on its method of readiness. In fact, the planning of Starbucks espresso happens continuously and I can really from the readiness procedure on how I can set up my some espresso at home. The method of planning is quick and clean in this manner luring me to purchase. Moreover, Starbucks espresso is exceptionally nutritious for my wellbeing and in this manner pertinent to my utilization. All the more in this way, despite the fact that Starbucks espresso has a few components of caffeine, the levels are very low and appropriate for my utilization. For sure, the caffeine in Starbucks espresso serves my readiness and unwinding in this way propelling to purchase. Besides, Starbucks espresso has a sweet taste that is one of a kind in the entirety of its outlets. In reality, all Starbucks outlets sells all inclusive brand of espresso and thus its inn ovation that drives me to buy. Simultaneously, the shade of Starbucks espresso is additionally novel and there are no odds of phony items. In addition, the cost of Starbucks espresso is additionally a spark since it is reasonable to me and henceforth my motivation to purchase. I take Starbucks espresso in the most unwinding and very condition. All Starbucks outlets arrange at very conditions that similarly plays some cool music out of sight. With such an offer, I wind up getting it most as often as possible. It is significant that

Seeples Spotlight Tedros Abraham COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Seeples Spotlight Tedros Abraham COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Every semester the Office of Admissions welcomes new Program Assistants (PAs) to our team. Weve asked them to introduce themselves in the form of self-interviews for a real-life look at a current Seeple and how they ended up at SIPA and Columbia University. Today were introducing Tedros Abraham, a second-year MIA student from Boston concentrating in International Security Policy and specializing in International Conflict Resolution. At SIPA, his focus has been on nuclear non-proliferation and violent non-state actors. Before graduate school, he served as a legislative aide in the U.S. Senate with a portfolio encompassing foreign affairs, defense, intelligence, veterans’ affairs, and judiciary issues. Tedross experience working on the Iran nuclear deal was a central motivation for his graduate study of International Security Policy. Before working in the Senate, Tedros managed an 8th to 9th grade transition program in Portland, OR, first as an AmeriCorps member and later as full-time staff. Employing data-backed metrics, this program identified the students in 8th grade who were most likely to drop out of high school. This allowed for early  targeting of resources and interventions to these students before their high school careers began. Check back on Friday to meet our other new PA, Sebastian! SIPA Office of Admissions What experiences do you think prepared you to attend Columbia SIPA? I have been fortunate to work in multiple areas of public policy and at different levels of government. This exposure was critical in helping me develop a narrow focus while at SIPA. Four semesters does not offer a lot of time to explore a wide range of interests, and this time is further constrained by the graduation requirements. Bringing a narrowly defined interest allows students to build relationships with professors in that field, use their electives for relevant classes, and build up the academic background to improve their competitive advantage when looking for jobs after school. What do you hope to gain from earning a master’s degree at SIPA? I decided to pursue a master’s degree because I felt I had hit a professional ceiling. I knew that attending SIPA would bolster my subject area expertise, provide a professional cohort that would grow with me, and give me access to a faculty that would be able to provide me valuable guidance as I plan for my career. I have gained all of this and more. What I could not have predicted were the opportunities to meet and work with leaders. Did you have a lot of quantitative experience when you applied to SIPA?   While I had taken statistics and introductory economics in college, it had been over 10 years ago by the time I started at SIPA and I did not feel confident in my quantitative skills. To bolster my application and better prepare for the quantitative coursework, I took courses in calculus and microeconomics immediately before applying to SIPA. While I found the economics and quantitative analysis coursework challenging, there were significant resources available to help us. What attracted you to SIPA? I chose to attend SIPA because of the school’s academic reputation, the diversity of the student body, it’s New York location, and because of the access to the rest of Columbia University. It was initially difficult to pick between SIPA and its competitors but I now know I made the right decision. Any advice for applicants? By taking advantage of the information sessions and the opportunities to talk to current students, you can get a sense of the strengths and weaknesses in your application. By starting early, you can take classes to improve your quantitative background, retake standardized tests, or find ways to gain needed experience in your field.

How Teachers Should Report Suspected Abuse of Children

Teachers are state-mandated reporters  meaning that if they observe signs of suspected child abuse or neglect, they are legally required to take action and report your suspicions to the proper authorities, usually Child Protective Services. Although situations like these are challenging for all parties involved, its important to have your students best interests in mind and to act in accordance with your districts and states requirements. Heres how you should proceed. 1. Do Your Research You need to take action at the first sign of trouble. If this is your first time reporting suspected abuse or you are working in a new school district, arm yourself with information. You must follow the requirements specific to your school and state. All 50 of the United States require your compliance. So go online and find your states site for Child Protective Services, or similar. Read about how to file your report and make a plan of action. 2. Dont Second-Guess Yourself Unless you witness abuse firsthand, you can never be 100% certain about what occurs in a childs home. But dont let that sliver of doubt cloud your judgment to the point where you ignore your legal responsibility. Even if you simply suspect a problem, you must report it. You can clarify in your report that you suspect abuse, but are not certain. Know that your report will be treated with care so that the family will not know who filed it. The government experts will know how best to proceed, and you must trust their ability to weed through the suspicions and find out the truth. 3. Keep a Watchful Eye on Your Student   If you suspect that one of your students is in a vulnerable situation, make sure to pay special attention to his or her behavior, needs, and schoolwork. Notice any major changes in his or her habits. Of course, you wouldnt want to go overboard by coddling the child or making excuses for poor behavior. However, it is important to remain vigilant and report any further suspicions to authorities again, as many times as is necessary in order to protect the childs well being. 4. Follow the Progress Familiarize yourself with the long-term procedures that Child Protective Services will follow with the family in question. Introduce yourself to the caseworker, and ask for updates on what conclusions are reached and which actions are taken to help the family. The government agents will work with the family to provide supportive services, such as counseling, in order to guide them along the path to being better caretakers. The last resort is to remove the child from his or her home. 5. Remain Committed to Protecting Children Dealing with child abuse, suspected or confirmed, is one of the most serious and stressful parts of being a classroom teacher. No matter how unpleasant the experience may be for you, dont let the process deter you from reporting each and every case of suspected abuse that you observe during your time in this profession. Not only is it your legal obligation, but you can rest easily at night knowing that you took the tough actions required to protect the students under your care. Tips Document all of your concerns, with dates and times, in order to support your claims.Gather tips and support from veteran colleagues.Procure the support of your principal and ask him or her for advice if needed.Remain confident that you are doing the right thing, no matter how hard it may be.

Why We Can t Wait By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. - 918 Words

Why We Can’t Wait, a book by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., gives insight on the matters that occurred in Birmingham, 1963. Relation between the races have progressed since the sixties, but they could be better. This piece of literature should be read by all, if only to get a better understanding of history. Knowledge and ignorance, I feel, are key factors in what make relations between the races either good or bad. MLK gives great insight on the happenings in 1963 Birmingham, as well as the more overseen aspects, such as the emotions of those affected by the hate crimes and segregation of that time. Through the use of descriptive writing that allows the reader to feel what is written, as well as facts to back his cause Martin Luther King tells a story of the struggle of the path to freedom; but things are far from perfect now although with perseverance and determination it can reach close to it. Martin Luther King Jr. is a talented writer, especially when it comes to expressing the feelings of those going through the hate crimes and segregation, and describing their lives in general. Throughout his book Martin Luther King describes different situations such as a young black girl told she cannot go to the amusement park that was just advertised because she is black, or a young boy asking why the white people hate him and other black people. Moments like these, and they are frequent, in his book really express what it was like back then for those who were discriminated againstShow MoreRelatedEssay on Dr. Martin Luther King Jr and The Civil Rights Movement2125 Words   |  9 PagesMartin Luther King jr. was one of the most influential persons of the 20th Century. He is the father of the modern civil rights movement, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., is recognized around the world as a symbol of freedom as well as peace. 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How the Golf Equipment Is Changing Free Essays

On top of that recession of 2007-08 and counterfeiting products in the market was the worst exasperations Golf Equipment industry had ever met. Every sports equipment manufacturer needs sales on the peak to grow and sustain In competitive environment. Sales are forecasted on the basis of demand in the market. We will write a custom essay sample on How the Golf Equipment Is Changing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Up to this point Golf Equipment manufacturers were happy but when some Golf Associations and Clubs hopped in, they ruined the demand by imposing limitations on technological design Innovations In club head and golf balls etc. Core Golfers were the biggest source of Golf Equipment sales and revenue. These consisted of the players who played 91% of the total golf rounds played in a year. Core Golfers had their problems as well for instance; hours of practice, instruction from a professional and patience to master all the aspects of Golf were their good excuses and a sales threat to Golf Equipment Industry subsequently. Underlying Drivers that changed Industry: The timestamp between 1997 and mid asses was the era of growth for Golf Equipment Industry but then came then came some underlying drivers that brought a downturn to the sales and growth. These drivers are named and explained below along with the effect they left on this industry. 1. USGS and R A Golf Club of SST. Andrews . Golfers and rounds played 3. Counterfeiting Products 4. Recession USGS and R A Golf Club of SST. Andrews: From asses till early asses, Golf Equipment industry was growing. Lots of innovations were being brought by manufacturers. For instance; size of the golf driver was Increased to minimize the bad effects of efficient hits. Similarly wedges were given more groove for Improving accuracy and balls were redesigned too. These all were for distance and accuracy purpose. These innovations proved good for PIG players 1 OFF as well as Tort Alphas. Average Elegance coverage was Increased Trot 2 yards. Consequently tournament committees started lengthening the golf courses. To protect the historic golf courses from being lengthened as there were space limitations, an association known as USGS (United Stated Golf Association) found CORD (Coefficient of Restitution or spring like effect in lay man’s language) in this game and this was the start of impositions on Gold equipment technological innovations. CORD is a technical term describing the energy transference between two objects. According to USGS, CORD must not exceed 0. 83 otherwise spring like effect will be produced and that is barred. R A Club of SST. Andrews also had an agreement with SAGA on the limitations imposed. R A introduced another measurement I. E. CT(Characteristic Time) Test which, to avoid spring like effect required Golf ball to remain in contact with face of driver, not more than 257 microseconds. Although CT test was overruled by USGS subsequently but some other rules were brought in relating to driving clubs and balls. Manufacturers were disappointed by the limitations imposed but they were still struggling to find their way. As USGS did not bring rules regarding club head size and club face, Golf Equipment manufacturers started trying to bring hangs in club face area that will produce maximum CT and they were successful. This club face performance was named as MOM (Moment of Inertia). After some alterations, golfers could achieve maximum driving distance. USGS after recognizing this change imposed limitation on MOM to 5900 g-CM with a tolerance of 100 GM- CM. Later on USGS imposed limitations on golf balls and wedges etc. All these impositions affected golf manufacturing industry. Some companies challenged USGS by introducing a driver with 0. 86 CORD but all in vain. This affected the recreational golf players also. USGS answered all the challenges and blames by stating that the purpose of limitations was to avoid excessive reliance on technological advancements rather than skills. Golfers and rounds played: Apart from the fact that SAGA produced lots of obstacles in the growth of Golf Equipment Industry, there were some other factors also which contributed towards this downturn. A survey conducted in 2003 showed that interest of Golfers themselves is also declining. This lack of interest was caused by overall difficulty of the game. Golfers usually don’t have much time to play as this game requires ample time to practice. Married players have had Job responsibilities as well as family time to be given. Players aged 40 and above were usually having health problems so they could not even play like core Golfers too. Some have even blamed high fee being charged which does not attract them more often. Counterfeiting Products: In mid asses, counterfeiters were giving very tough time to branded companies. Sometimes these people were so good in counterfeiting products that they look very near to the branded ones. Golf Equipment branded companies were shocked when they realized that some auctioneers are selling counterfeited golf equipment for $1 50 o $400, the branded price of which is $2500 to $3000. It was easy for eBay sellers to offer cheaper equipment. Why these counterfeiters came into the picture? There are different reasons, one of them is decisions made by golf executives who were sourcing club heads and giving contracts to manufacturers in china. Counterfeiters were persuading employees to steal molar AT Drained equipment . Black market production was also carried out in overtime. They even knew the packaging details of that equipment too. Steps were taken when six major manufacturers created an alliance to stop counterfeiting operations. A Chinese guy was prisoner for 3 years and fined $58000. Golf Equipment Industry Recession (2007-2008): The biggest factor which affected this industry was recession of 2007-2008. This was a combined effect which basically started with credit and housing industry. Another major effect was on oil prices shooting up from $2. 25 to $3 and then $4 per gallon in 2008. As the golfer that time might be a Job holder as well. He Might be using excessive credit cards. So recession made his credit card bills a huge burden for him and similarly for other golfers too. Rise in Mortgage payments added few more faculties to them. How to cite How the Golf Equipment Is Changing, Papers

Contributory Negligence Historical and Comparative †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Contributory Negligence Historical and Comparative. Answer: Introduction: The given case study which revolves around Sebastian Surtees Pty Ltd and Clay Hawthorne relates to the tort of negligence. In particular, it relates to the breach of duty of care and the ensuing damages. A tort is deemed as a civil wrong done, whereby the actions of one person, harm the other. There are different torts in Australia, and a leading one amongst these is the tort of negligence (Statsky 2011). Negligence can be defined as a breach of duty of care, which a person P owes to person R, due to the actions which were undertaken by person P which had the potential of injuring or harming the person R. So, when P careless undertakes an activity which requires care towards R due to the possibility of Ps actions harming or injuring R, it would result in negligence. And when a case of negligence is present, the aggrieved party can claim damages for the harm or loss which they had to incur as a result of the undertaken actions of the tortfeasor (Trindade, Cane and Lunney 2007). It is the duty of the plaintiff to show before the court of law that they have been injured or harmed due to the actions of the defendant, in order to claim the damages under a civil action brought before the court of law. In order to establish a case of negligence, the aggrieved party has to establish the presence of certain key elements, included in which is the duty of care (Kolah 2013). This is followed by proving that this duty of care had been contravened by party P. And lastly, there is a need to establish that the person R was actually harmed or damaged due to this failure of P in exercising his duty of care. Once all of these elements can be shown in a single claim, the aggrieved party is awarded damages by the court of law, based on the magnitude of damage cause to such person R (Kennedy 2009). The first and foremost step, when it comes to making a case of negligence, is to show that a duty of care was present and that the same was owed by person P to person R (Lunney and Oliphant 2013). With regards to establishing that a duty of care was present, the leading English case of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 proves to be of help. In this case, Donoghue consumed a ginger beer, from a bottle which contained a dead snail. As a result of this consumption, she got sick and initiated legal action against Stevenson, who was the beer manufacturer. Her claims were initially discarded by the court as this drink had been purchased by Donoghues friend and not Donoghue herself. However, on further appeal it was held that the actions of Stevenson were such that they had the capability of affecting Donoghue, due to the customer-manufacturer relationship. The judges held that there was reasonable foreseeability in a contaminated drinks leading to the sickness of a consumer and that there was proximity between the parties, which had the capacity of impacting the other. As a result of this, the court held that the manufacturer was indeed liable and owed a duty of care towards Stevenson. And as a result of the breach of this duty of care, followed by injury of Donoghue, Stevenson was asked to compensate her for her losses. Another helpful case which helps in establishing the presence of duty of care is that of Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605. In this case, the court presented a threefold test, whereby in order to show the presence of duty of care, it had to be shown before the court that the injury was reasonably foreseeable, that there was proximity between the parties in such a manner that the actions of one, affected the other, and lastly, that if penalties are imposed, it would be just and reasonable (Latimer 2012). Breach of Duty of Care Upon successfully showing that a duty of care had indeed been owed, the aggrieved party than has to show that the same had been contravened, in the sense that the defendant had failed in fulfilling his obligations (Martin and Lancer 2013). Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 3 Bing NC 467 was a case in which the haystack of the defendant caught fire as a result of the poor ventilation. On different occasions, the defendant had been warned that if he continued to leave his haystack, this was bound to happen. And on this, the defendant argued that using his best judgement, a risk of fire was not reasonably foreseeable. However, the court held that the judgment of the defendant was not enough and there was a need to apply standards as per a reasonable person. Hence, it has to be shown that a reasonable person would have undertaken the precautions owing to the reasonable foreseeability of such risk of harm. The next step is to consider the consequences of the undertaken actions, or the lack of it for that matter (Turner 2013). In the case of Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367, Paris was already blind in one eye. And he was employed by the Council for undertaking certain work. The Council was aware of the condition of Paris and yet they did not provide him with the safety gear, particularly protective goggles. While working on a rusty bolt, a chip flew into the good eye of Paris, resulting in his complete blindness. The failure of the Council in providing the requisite safety gear was deemed as a breach of duty of care by the court of law which led to Paris being awarded damages for his blindness. There is also a need to show that a reasonable person would have considered the degree of risk which was associated with the actions undertaken by a person (Gibson and Fraser, 2014). Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 is a case in which Stone was struck with a cricket ball, while she was standing outside her home, due to the ball flying away from the stadium, which was around hundred yards away from Boltons home. As per the facts of the last thirty years, it was depicted that the ball could only fly off outside the stadium six times only. So, as a reasonable person there was only a need to build the fence, this had been done. And so, a breach of duty of care was not upheld in this case. When it comes to the professionals, they are required to show a standard in their practice (Greene 2013). Rogers v Whitaker (1992) 175 CLR 479 was one of such cases in which the responded was not made aware of the consequences of the surgery which was being undertaken. This meant that she could not take the proper and informed decision when it came to the operation. As a skilled person, the doctor was under an obligation to deploy more care than an ordinary person. And due to these reasons, the doctor was held liable for negligence. With regards to the engineers, they are required to show a standard of competent practice. In Consultants Group International v John Worman Ltd (1987) 9 Con LR 46, Worman had agreed to constrict the abattoir, for the reasons of being a contractor, on strict conditions with regards to the designs which had been stated by the architects, i.e., by CGI. A consultant was hired by Worman for carrying out the work and this hired constructor, contravened the desi gn conditions. It was held by the court that the duty of care of Worman towards CGI was equal to the duty of care of consultant towards Worman. And as a result of this, the consultant was held liable for compensating for the economic losses. Upon the successful completion of the above two aspects, the final requirement is to show that the plaintiff had been actually harmed/ injured or had to bear a loss, in order for the remedies to be awarded under negligence. In order to show that damages need to be awarded to the aggrieved party, there is a need to show that there was a direct causation between the injury of plaintiff and the breach of duty of care of the defendant; and that the damages were foreseeable in a reasonable manner, which was substantial in nature and not remote (Emanuel and Emanuel 2008). The damages are only to be awarded when they were reasonable foreseeable by a rationale individual and when the same were not too remote. In the case of Wagon Mound (No.1) [1961] AC 388, the plaintiff could not succeed in his claims of negligence due to the failure of the plaintiff in showing that a reasonable person would have predicted the kind of fire damage which actually took place. And so, no damages were awarded to the plaintiff. Though, in Wagon Mound (No.2) [1967] AC 61, the court held that the damage of oil spill in a second case, was different from the previous incident and this foreseeability led to the damages being awarded to the plaintiff. There is a need to show direct causation between the injury and the damages, in terms of cause and effect based on the common sense and on the basis of the facts of the particular case (Martin and Lancer, 2013). In the case of Yates v Jones (1990) ATR 81, as a result of the defendant, the plaintiff got in an accident. Later on, she was offered heroine for dealing with her pain by a friend. When she sued Jones, she claimed the costs of her addition to heroine from Jones. However, the court held that there was a lack direct causation between the breaches of duty of care of Jones and between her addictions to heroine. Thus, the damages were not awarded to her. The amount of damages which are awarded to the aggrieved party, i.e., the plaintiff, can at times be reduced or completely reduced. This is in the cases of contributory negligence. This is a famous defence under the negligence as per which the plaintiff is considered to have contributed towards the damage caused to them. And when such happens, the court deems it necessary to reduce the amount of remedies which were awarded to the plaintiff (Dongen, 2014). Froom v Butcher [1976] 1 QB 286 was a case in which the plaintiff was injured due to the accident which was caused due to the mistake of the defendant. The defendant had been drunk, which led to the accident. However, the plaintiff was not wearing the seatbelt at the time of the accident. This was deemed as the contributory negligence of the plaintiff and as a result of this, the damages which were awarded to the plaintiff were reduced by the value of 100 by the court. Davies v Swan Motor Co [1949] 2 KB 291 was a case in which the plaintiff had been standing on the side of the dust lorry and this place was deemed as a dangerous place to stand on. While the lorry was travelling down a narrow road, the bus tried to pass the lorry and unfortunately, Davies was killed. The court held Davies as 1/5th responsible for the damage caused and accordingly, the damages was reduced. This principle is born from the agency law and as per this principle, for the acts undertaken by the subordinates, the superior is held liable, particularly towards the third parties when it comes to the employer-employee relationship. In order for an employer to be held liable for the tortious acts of their employee, there is a need to prove negligence, followed by the presence of employer-employee relationship (Giliker 2010). In this regard, Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co. Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 proves to be of help. In this case, the court held that different factors had to be applied for upholding the presence of employer-employee relationship, which was not present in this case. Apart from these two requirements, there is also a need to show that the undertaken tortious act by the employee was within the scope of their employment, for holding the employer liable. As per the facts of the case study, it is very clear that Clay was the neighbour of Surtees and that his front office had been damaged badly, apart from his engine building workshop and the vehicles around it, which were charred from the fire which started at Surtees. The distance between the two places thus can be assumed to be very less, and there was proximity between the parties in a manner that the actions of one impacted the other. Applying the neighbours principle given in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson to the present case study, it can be established that the actions of Surtees affected Clay as a result of the proximity between the parties, making it reasonably foreseeable for Clay to be affected by acts of Surtees. Applying the threefold test given in Caparo Industries plc v Dickman, the injury was reasonably foreseeable due to the proximity between the parties, and where damages are awarded to clay for the loss they had to bear from the resulting fire, it would be just and reasonable. So, on the basis of both of these cases, Surtees owed a duty of care towards Clay. Breach of Duty of Care As the duty of care has been established, the next requirement is to show its breach. For this, the reasonable foreseeability has to be established. There was a reasonable risk of overheating of machines resulting in fire and this is the reason why the machine was turned off on daily basis. Not shutting down the machine made it reasonably foreseeable to heat up and cause fire. To further this incident, the door of fire proof room was left open. As an engineer, the Surtees was required to deploy standard of professional care as per Rogers v Whitaker and Consultants Group International v John Worman Ltd. This was not done, resulting in fire, thus breaching the duty of care which was owed towards the Clays. The failure of closing the fire proof door and not shutting down the machine was not what a reasonable person would have done as per Vaughan v Menlove. Hence, the failure in taking the precautions owing to the reasonable foreseeability of such risk of harm resulted in a breach of duty of care. This can further be strengthen with the case of Paris v Stepney Borough Council where there was a lack of deploying the requisite safety measure and this was deemed by the court as not upholding the duty of care. Even if Surtees cites that they had taken the reasonable care by installing the fire proof glass based on Bolton v Stone, it would not be upheld as firstly, the door was not closed, and secondly, fire was something which could spread across boundaries, unlike a cricket ball of the quoted case. Thus, it is very clear that the duty which Surtees owed towards the Clays was not upheld and was instead contravened. As the first two requirements have been fulfilled, there is a need to show that damages would be justified in this case. It is very clear that the damage which Clay got was directly due to the fault of Surtees in shutting down the machine and in shutting down the fire proof door. This action caused fire which directly destroyed a lot of material of Clay. Unlike Wagon Mound (No.1), here it can be shown that the overheating kind of fire damage was reasonably predictable and so, as was held in the case of Wagon Mound (No.2) damages would be awarded to Clays. Further, the direct causation has been highlighted ample times in this case which would mean that unlike the case of Yates v Jones, damages would be awarded to the Clays. But the costs which are sought by Clay for $15,000 for the cost of airfare tickets would not be liability of Surtees as this was not caused directly from the fire, based on Yates v Jones and only $460,000 would be awarded to Clay. However, the amount of damages which would be awarded to Clay, as a result of negligence of Surtees would be reduced by their contributory negligence. Even though the fire was caused from the overheating of machines and leaving open the door by Surtees, but by leaving containers with residue solvent outside, Clays contributed to their injuries. And based on Froom v Butcher and Davies v Swan Motor Co, the damages awarded to Clay would be brought down proportionately. The negligence has already been established. And the technician was employed at the workshop of Surtees which proves that unlike Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling, he was an employee, which would make Surtees vicariously liable for the acts of their employee. Conclusions Hence, it can be concluded that Surtees indulged in negligence by breaching the owed duty of care towards Clay and would have to compensate Clay for their losses. But the amount of damages awarded to Clay would be reduced due to their contributory negligence, in proportion of their carelessness. References Dongen, E.V. 2014. Contributory Negligence: A Historical and Comparative Study. Boston: Brill Nijhoff. Emanuel, S., and Emanuel, L. 2008. Torts. New York: Aspen Publishers. Gibson, A., and Fraser, D. 2014. Business Law 2014. 8th ed. Melbourne: Pearson Education Australia. Giliker, P. 2010. Vicarious Liability in Tort: A Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Greene, B. 2013. Course Notes: Tort Law. Oxon: Routledge. Kennedy, R. 2009. Duty of Care in the Human Services: Mishaps, Misdeeds ad the Law. Victoria: Cambridge University Press. Kolah, A. 2013. Essential Law for Marketers. 2nd ed. United States: Kogan Page Limited. Latimer, P. 2012. Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Lunney, M., and Oliphant, K. 2013. Tort Law: Text and Materials. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Martin, J., and Lancer, D. 2013. AQA Law for AS Fifth Edition. 5th ed. Oxon: Hachette UK. Statsky, W.P. 2011. Essentials of Torts. 3rd ed. New York: Cengage Learning. Trindade, F., Cane, P., and Lunney, M. 2007. The law of torts in Australia. 4th ed. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Turner, C. 2013. Unlocking Torts. 3rd ed. Oxon: Routledge. Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 Consultants Group International v John Worman Ltd (1987) 9 Con LR 46 Davies v Swan Motor Co [1949] 2 KB 291 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Froom v Butcher [1976] 1 QB 286 Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367 Rogers v Whitaker (1992) 175 CLR 479 Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co. Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 3 Bing NC 467 Wagon Mound (No.1) [1961] AC 388 Wagon Mound (No.2) [1967] AC 61 Yates v Jones (1990) ATR 81

Abe Lincoln Essays (2259 words) - Smallpox Survivors,

Abe Lincoln History Essay The United Sates declared its independence from Great Britain on July 4, 1776. Great Britain did not recognize its independence until, the Treaty of Paris, two years after the American forces defeated the Britain army at the siege of Yorktown. Since the Articles of Confederation were replaced by the U.S. Constitution in 1789, the United States has had forty-two different presidents. Among these presidents, two of the best have were George Washington, and Abraham Lincoln. This essay will prove that George Washington was the greatest U.S. president of all time. There are certain attributes that good presidents have. It is said that ?good presidents are always stubborn and disagreeable.? 1 Along with those two qualities good presidents are intelligent, selfless, hard working, good communicators, good listeners, good problem solving tactics, determination, and they are able to recognize problems. George Washingtons rise to power started in 1732 when he was born, in Westmore land, Virginia on his father's farm. He lived until 1799, when he died at the age of sixty-seven. He served as president from 1789 threw until 1797. When growing up, George received most of his education from his father and older brother. ?When he was 17 he was named the surveyor of Culpeper County, this was the first public office position he held.?2 When Washington was finished surveying, ?in November of 1752, he was appointed the adjutant in the colonial militia. His first mission did not come until the following summer, when he volunteered to take a message from Governor, to the French commander. Following this mission he was brought to the kings attention, and he was given a lieutenant colonels commission.?3 Washington showed his opposition to Britain started in 1759 when he became a member of Virginia's House of Burgesses. ?He was known to be shy and reserved?4 but he opposed the British rules and regulations that they placed on the Americans and protested the Stamp Act and th e Townshend act which in both cases placed taxes on people without consulting them. This was known as taxation without representation. After serving in the House of Burgesses for 15 years he was elected to the Continental congress. ?On June 15, 1775 the Continental Congress unanimously elected him general and commander in chief of its army. They chose George because he was respected for his military abilities, his selflessness, and his strong commitment towards colonial freedom.?5 General George Washington led his men and his country too freedom in the American war of independence. After 8 years of war, all George wanted to do was go back home too Mount Vernon and spend the rest of his life with his beloved wife Martha. Instead he ended up presiding over the Constitutional convention in Philadelphia. This is where he and delegates from the 13 colonies wrote the Constitution of the United Sates. This shows Washingtons desire to put what is best for the country before his on personal desires. This is a quality of a good president. Washingtons days as president began in 1789, along with the ratification of the Constitution. George was unanimously voted president along with Vice-president John Adams. What makes George Washington different from a lot of U.S. presidents is that he as careful not to overstep the limits of his branch of government. He respected the independence of the legislative and judicial branches of government. ?Also, because he was the first president he was especially anxious not to set any dangerous trends that following presidents might abuse. In fact, Washington rejected a movement by his fellow officers to make him King of the United States.?6 Washington had a conservative outlook. ?He made his cabinet with a balance of Liberals and Conservatives.?7 George was determined to be a strong and fair leader of his country. This is another quality of a good president. In Washington's first term as president, ?he added the Bill of Rights to the Con stitution. This was an amendment that Washington knew the people desired. This specified the unalienable rights of American citizens.?8 This showed that he was able to recognize problems and respond in a way favorable to everybody. Like every other new government Washington and his colleagues had trouble raising revenues. Congress

Relativism Example Essays

Relativism Example Essays Relativism Example Paper Relativism Example Paper The theory of Moral Relativism suggests that no principle or value is completely right or wrong; it depends on the circumstances such as the particular society in which one lives in. This proves to be a problem when discovering the actual truth as people begin to think that the truth relies on who maintains it or that the only truth is their own. This can lead to truth having no significance because everything depends on the society to which one belongs to. This ideology originates from Ancient Greece at the time of Homer (8th century BCE). People within Greek society began to come across different ideas if what it meant to be moral. They questioned their own absolutist ideals, resulting in the discussions of the Sophists, a group of wise men, who disputed that all morality was relative what was right and wrong was different within every society. A Greek philosopher, Protagoras proposes that peoples main focus in life was to just get on with it; he says Man is the measure of all things. All they wanted was to fit in with their own community; the truth was an inconsistent and unpredictable idea. Protagoras said that nothing is absolutely right or wrong and that each person is their own final point of authority when making decisions. Moral Relativism is also subjective, meaning that a persons values are relative to them and so cannot be judged objectively. This is important because we learn that we need to be tolerant of other peoples beliefs and behaviour as well as not to impose our beliefs or morality on other people. Moral Relativism allows people to choose their own code of behaviour as long as it is within the law of society, an act may be good for one person but bad for another, or good in one cultural setting but bad in another, but cannot be either good or bad alone. Consequently, we should not ask ourselves whether something is good or bad in general, but only whether it is good or bad in a particular situation. This is a teleological approach, as you are deciding whether something is good or bad depending on what the outcome will be. Thomas Hobbes, an English Philosopher, helped to develop the foundation for most of Western political philosophy from the perspective of the social contract theory. The social contract theory is the view that a persons moral and/or political responsibilities are dependant on a contract or agreement between them to form society and right or wrong is relative to this. According to the social contract theory, consent is the basis of government. It is because people have agreed to be ruled that governments are entitled to rule. Hobbes indicates that right or wrong is determined by the need for people to control their naturally selfish desires and to work for the interest and well-being of the group. He also points out that right and wrong are influenced by what is needed to minimise conflict and promote survival. John Leslie Mackie, an Australian philosopher wrote a book called Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. In his book, Mackie articulates that our moral beliefs do not shape the societies we live; rather our morality is shaped by society. He goes on to suggest that people want to believe morality has an objective truth, but that this is based on the psychological need to try and find an objective reality to base our views on and to give us confidence. However, there is no valid way of proving which moral view or belief is better as moral relativism requires us to be non-judgemental. Mackie concludes by saying that there is no real ultimate standard of right or wrong, which is a common relativist view. Cultural Relativism is less on a personal level as what is right or wrong depends on the culture. Cultural relativism is the view that all beliefs, customs, and morals are relative to the individual within his own social context. In other words, right and wrong are culture-specific; what is considered moral in one society may be considered immoral in another, and, since there is no universal standard of morality, nobody has the right to judge another societys customs. This means that we should adapt our behaviour to conform with the society we are in as well as behave in the way appropriate to the circumstances we are in. As a result, having good manners shows one has morality. Cultural Relativism is a pure example of the moral diversity amongst different cultures. For example, in Saudi Arabia the punishment for stealing may be to cut off a mans hand, however in this country the punishment is unheard of and thought to be brutal and unnecessary. This is what is known as the diversity thesis. Since, there is so much diversity across and amongst cultures there can be no one true morality. There are many other examples of culture clashes and rules of conduct for different places; however, for the relativist such differences do not present any problems because their own moral code applies to the society in which they live in. Moral Relativism is co-joining with religious authority. Many people in this day in age are not religious and therefore need some set standards of morality. Relativism also allows us to understand other cultures and to be tolerant of them. Nevertheless, Moral Relativism has its weaknesses and many Absolutists have criticised the theory. The Relativist says that you cannot have absolutist rules, yet they are contradicting themselves by saying, You must not judge anybody elses morality against your own, this is an absolutist rule. Another criticism suggests an important point, the Relativist approach is to accept and tolerate other peoples intolerant system. Respecting other peoples beliefs is difficult when they believe that the oppression of women is correct, for example. Some criticisms highlight that according to Relativists there is nothing wrong with slavery, torture or human sacrifice, if that is what a society practises then so be it. Additionally, Relativism gives little reason for behaving morally except to be socially accepted. There are several other flaws to the Relativist theory. For example, some statements are truly absolute, It is wrong to torture innocent people. Just because cultures vary, it does not mean there is no objective good. Along with this, ethical beliefs can change when they are challenged, primitive practises do discontinue. Moral relativism, because of its open-minded implications for ethics, is a matter of great importance; what we think about moral relativism matters. This is a situation where philosophy has a practical impact on society as a whole. It is important that the theory, and its consequences, are more widely understood in order to enforce true morality.

Health and safety risk assessment in civil engineering projects Essay

Health and safety risk assessment in civil engineering projects - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the welfare of people operating or working within the confines of any manufacturing or engineering environment is of main importance. Every worker should expect to be capable of carrying out their task in a safe manner that has no negative effect on their health and wellbeing. In fact, many organizations not only reduce risks and make improvements to the working environment but try to make their own working environment superior to others, making it a competitive aspect when recruiting staff. Health and safety in the field are about measures designed to protect the health and safety of workers, visitors and the general public who may be affected by workplace activities. Safety measures about controlling and reducing risks to anyone who might be affected by these activities. Health and safety are controlled largely by legislation and regulations and the law is continually being revised and updated. It is important that organizations are aware of these changes and keep up to date with developments. This unit provides an understanding of hazards and risks associated with health, safety, and welfare in an engineering workplace. Learners will develop an understanding of the requirements of health, safety and welfare legislation and regulations and of their roles in complying with the related legal obligations. Ideally, this unit would form a key component of the program, as the content is applicable to many engineering situations. Learners will be required to undertake full risk assessments and to appreciate the significant risks encountered in the workplace and the measures taken to deal with them (Melchers, 2002). They will also study the principles of reporting and recording accidents and incidents, again within a legal context. The main aim in civil engineering is to manage risk, eliminating or reducing it to acceptable levels (Melchers, 2002). Risk is the combination of the possibility of a failure event, and the risks resulting from the failure. For example, the extent of a particular failure may result in risks fatalities, injuries, property damage, or nothing more than annoyance. It may be regular, occasional, or rare happenings. The acceptability of the failure depends on the combination of the two. Probability is often more difficult to predict than severity due to the many things that could cause a failure, such as mechanical failure, environmental effects, and operator error. Any specialist in the field should be able to assess and comprehensively report on any environmental principle, from aquatic to marine science, air, soil, geology, geo-hydrology, archaeology, ecology, rehabilitation, or any such science connected to the environment. Safety engineering tries to lower the occurrence of failures, and make sure that when failures do happen, the results are not life-threatening. For instance, bridges are designed to carry loads well in excess of the heaviest truck likely to use them. This reduces the possibility of being overloaded. Most bridges are designed with back up load paths, so that if any one structural member fails, the structure will remain standing. This reduces the severity if the bridge happens to be overloaded. Safety should starts during the early design of a system. Engineers should consider what bad events can happen under what conditions, and predict the related accident risk. They should propose safety mitigation requirements in specifications at the start of development or changes to existing designs to make a system safer. These may be done by fully getting rid of any type of hazards or by lowering accident risk. More often, instead of engineers influencing the design, they should prove that an existing, completed design is safe. If the engineer discovers significant safety problems late in the development process, correcting them can be very costly (Great Britain, 2003). This type of error has the potential to waste large sums of money and likely more important, human

Fat Substitute Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fat Substitute - Essay Example The U.S. Food and Drug Administration affirms the safety of using fat-substitutes, however, the warning on fat-modified food by P & G stating "Olestra may cause abdominal cramping and loose stools† raises health concerns over the use of such foods (Glausiusz, 2001). Keeping the obesity statistics in view, fat modified foods are less likely to impact human’s health than does the fattening food itself. Obesity is being identified as a cause of millions of deaths around the globe. Fat-modified food, on the other hand, is not considered to have any known side-effects causing major health issues. The abdominal cramps and upsets are found to be miscalculated and wrongly hypothesized when study of University of North Carolina was conducted over a span of 3200 samples. Akoh, on the other hand, produced low-fat diets that dissolve the fatty acid chains and are said to decrease cholesterol levels significantly. Hence, the different fat substitutes are functioning in various different ways that are not harming health of individuals but rather providing ways to improve their well-being and dietary inconsistencies. The claim on the viability and negative outcomes of fat-modified foods seem to be vague. None of the studies provide a significant and visible deterioration of health. However, in the short run, much of the research conducted shows positive impact on human health, reduced cholesterol levels and maintenance of people’s food cravings with the tastes that they ever admired. Hence, fat-modified food provides a substitute to the unhealthy and high-fat diets causing physical, mental, medical, emotional and social disruptions in the wider

Glaxosmithkline Marketing Analysis

Glaxosmithkline Marketing Analysis Jump to: GSK PESTLE | SWOT | Pfizters SWOT | SMART Objectives | Environmental SMART Objectives | Financial SMART Objectives | Strategic Priorities | Marketing Mix GlaxoSmithKline is a UK based pharmaceutical, biological and healthcare company. It is the worlds second largest pharmaceutical company. Glaxo Wellcome, which is formed from the merger of Glaxo Laboratories and Burroughs Wellcome Company, together with the SmithKline Beecham and they have form the GlaxoSmithKline. In the year 2000, GlaxoSmithKline have the name and known as GSK. GSK had employs around 110,000 workers in 117 countries, and is including over 40,000 that participate in sales and marketing. There are few global headquarters which is separated in GSK House in Brebtfort, London, United Kingdom and United States. The London and New York stock exchanges have listed the GSK Company in their list. Some well known brands such as Ribena (beverage), Panadol Zantac (anti-ulcer), Zavirax (anti-viral), (pain relief) and Augmentin (antibiotic) which is selling by them. Mission statement: The GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) global quest is to improve the quality of human life by guiding people to do more, to let them feel better, and also live longer. Besides that, the GSK has to undertake the entrepreneurial spirit of enthusiasm. It is inspired by the constant search for the pursuit of innovation.  GlaxoSmithKline attention to performance also made their complete realization and each and every citizen, as a global leader in world-class and unparalleled passion for the success of awareness contribute to the sense of urgency.  In addition, two have been entered into by the diversity of life and set statements declaration statements. Diversity Statement: GlaxoSmithKline provides an employee with respect and dignity for all working towards the environment diverse workforce.  With different backgrounds, cultures and world views of the labour force to help it understand the different patients, but also the needs of customers.  GlaxoSmithKline in the right positions to ensure that they do the best to provide genuine equality of opportunity best work.  It can monitor and manage the level and then around the world, the report by the UK ethnic and gender diversity on the data, to ensure compliance with the commitment to diversity. Life Statement: GSK committed to the hope that all workers can do their best work.  The way they do, not only to meet the business, but for your own personal needs and need it. That is why they attach so much importance to flexible working.  GlaxoSmithKline is to support flexible working arrangements, as long as it can make a better life for employees, while ensuring that business needs are met.  Flexible work policies, applicable to all staff, and it covers several modes of operation, for example, like home work, part-time jobs, annual hours, but also long-time work.  In addition, the types of flexible working options are particularly attractive to parents and caregivers.  However, the reduction or re-allocation of time or home-working arrangements can also support peoples religious observances.  It is there along with all other interests and responsibilities outside the workplace of the host. GSK Values and Behaviours Health care market in the past decade there is a need to change our business model into a more customer-centric, innovative how we perform as a collective organization, will determine our success.  To the external environment with increasingly complex and effective changes in speed index, GlaxoSmithKline need to establish an internal learning culture by GlaxoSmithKline reflect the values and behaviour. Summary of 2009 financial information As a 2nd largest pharmaceutical company, GSK financial should be doing well in their financial to maintain the images and reputation of the company. Well, to increase its market competitiveness, GSK need to have stable profits to run the research and future development. According to the table above we can understand the financial summary of GSK in year 2005 to year 2009. First we can see that the total revenue in year 2005 to 2009 is performing well. But the total revenue of year 2005 and 2006 is remaining the same while in year 2007 is decreasing and it increase back when year 2008 and 2009 as well. The total revenue amount of year 2005 is  £21660 million and 2006 is  £23225 million. The years 2005 to year 2006 it has 7.23% increase in the company. And by the year 2007 it decrease to amount of  £22716 million, which is reducing about  £509 million, about 2.192% decrease compare to year 2006. In the year 2008 it increases  £1636 million back to amount of  £24352 million, which the percentage is 7.202%. And in between year 2008 to 2009 it increase  £4016 million to amount of  £28368 million which the percentage is 16.491%. PESTLE Technological advancements, tighter regulatory-compliance overheads, rafts of patent expiries and volatile investor confidence have made the modern pharmaceutical industry an increasingly tough and competitive environment. Below is an analysis of the structure of the pharmaceutical industry using the PESTLE which mean political, economic, social and technological, and legal environment. (P)olitical: Over the years, the industry has witnessed increased political attention due to the increased the recognition of the economic importance of healthcare as a component of social welfare. Political interest has also been generated because of the increasing social and financial burden of healthcare. Examples are the UKs National Health Service debate and Medicare in the US. (E)conomic: In the decade to 2003 the pharmaceutical industry witnessed high value mergers and acquisitions 7 with a projected stock value growth rate of 10.5% (2003-2010) and Health Care. Growth rate of 12.5% (2003-2010), the audited value of the global pharmaceutical market is estimated to reach a huge 500 billion dollars by 2004. Only information technology has a higher expected growth rate of 12.6%. Majority of pharmaceutical sales originate in the US, EU and Japanese markets. Nine geographic markets account for over 80% of global pharmaceutical sales these are, US, Japan, France, Germany, UK, Italy, Canada, Brazil and Spain. Of these markets, the US is the fastest growing market and since 1995 it has accounted for close to 60% of global sales. In 2000 alone the US market grew by 16% to $133 billion dollars making it a key strategic market for pharmaceuticals. (S)ocial: Good health is an important personal and social requirement and the unique role pharmaceutical firms play in meeting societys need for popular wellbeing cannot be underestimated. In recent times, the impact of various global epidemics likes SARS, AIDS etc has also attracted popular and media attention to the industry. The effect of the intense media and political attention has resulted in increasing industry efforts to create and maintain good government-industry-society communications. (T)echnological: A modern scientific and technological advance in science is forcing industry players to adapt ever faster to the evolving environments in which they participate. Scientific advancements have also increased the need for increased spending on research and development in order to encourage innovation. (L)egal Environment: Pharmaceutical industry is a highly regulated industry and compliance enforcement. Therefore there are a huge laws, regulations and compliance with the industry indirectly absorbed.  This tends to limit its activity, and in recent years, the Government has begun to require regulation of the industry cost of the proposal, in order to avoid obstacles, embedded in the external market, global challenges, in the face of innovation. Market share Direct Competitor Comparison Competitor situation One of the main competitors of GSK is Pfizer. Pfizer Inc. is a U.S. listed global biopharmaceutical company.  Founded in 1849, the company is headquartered in New York City, in Groton research, based in Connecticut.  It is engaged in the discovery, development, manufacturing, and global human and animal prescription drug market, currently sells the second-largest pharmaceutical company. Its main products include devices for blood, high blood pressure and cardiovascular events Caduet Pfizers Lipitor cholesterol levels.  Pfizer and its subsidiaries employ approximately 116,500 people worldwide.  The company is among the world top 500, ranking No. 40 in 2010, and the most recent dollar price of 68.0bn acquisition of Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Company. In 2009, Pfizer reported revenues of 50.0bn and an  operating profit  of  £12.1bn and  £7.8bn was invested in RD. GlaxoSmithKline SWOT (S)trengths Reputation management   large market share   large highly skilled work force     Globally positioned   2nd largest in the pharmaceutical industry (W)eaknesses No online presence Inconsistency of attractive promotions High dependency on only several products Strong focus on UK market (O)pportunities New drug development Organic growth Licensing (T)hreats Rising drug cost Drug side effect competition SWOT stands for strength, weakness, opportunity and threats The rationale for conducting a SWOT analysis before proceeding to the development of the strategic plan is to know whether the organizations plan is a good fit for its internal and external situation or not. An organizations internal situation is defined by its strengths and weaknesses. An organizations external situation is defined by its opportunities and threats that exist in the business environment Pfizer SWOT analysis (S)trengths Strong sales and marketing infrastructure Strong RD departments Marketing strength in major geographical and therapeutic areas (W)eaknesses Very limited penetration of biologics market Discontinuation of products in the latter stages of development Co-marketing agreements can limit Pfizers global presence (O)pportunities Funding available to facilitate product Biologic market expansion Emergence of integrated global markets and globalisation for new products Strengths, providing Pfizer with strong products and therefore revenue growth (T)hreats which is Lipitor, due to lose patent exclusivity in 2011 Further large scale MA activity could further decline Pfizers profitability An increase in the number of safety issues surrounding Viagra Economic downturn influencing consumers purchasing power For the price of the microprocessor produce by Intel and AMD, the difference of the performance actually not very big there is just a small different of the performance, but AMD able to sell their product with a cheapest price compare to Intel but at the same AMD having a very big problem which is their product quality is not that stable, it might not be long lasting compare to Intel and Intel having a partnership with Microsoft company and this is another advantage that the buyers of Intel processor would not need to purchase operating system for their computer compare to AMD which the buyers need to purchase another operating system from Microsoft or Mac by themselves. The opportunities of Intel actually is the dominance of the market share in the market, they having a lots of different customer around the world unlike AMD which only having a little section of the market share while they lost a little of the customer will having a difficulty of the company operating due to the lack of financial power, but at the same time AMD having a growth on the market share and they might grab some of the market share due to the unstable demand of the market towards microprocessor and while they grab the market share will lead to the loss of Intel market share in microprocessor market. Smart objectives Objective for branding and promotional Specific Increase more healthy drinks like Horlicks and Ribena that has no artificial colour, flavour and sweetener Having more outlet to sell the healthy product in hypermarket Create more advertisement about GSK healthy drinks product Measurable sells more than 120 million bottles of drinks each year by the year 2013, become one of the largest healthy drinks company in market Achievable Services developed and developing countries to improve peoples quality of life enabling people to do more to improve the quality of life of people Realistic provide the good service and the high quality of product increase public trust and to let consumers feel that it is worth and they are willing to buy the product Timely In 3 years time, recognize by community as providing the healthy product company Environmental Objective for growth Specific Become the environmental friendly company Have more advertisement about recycle and educate the consumer and make resources available for them. Measurable Having 0% of industrial waste Producing 100% recycle product from company Achievable Let public and user know more about recycle product Research and develop more recycle and reuse product Realistic Become one of the best and largest product recycle company in the world Timely In year 2012, company are fully environmental friendly Financial Specific Increase and improve the sales in UK Having an improvement in total revenue and profit of the company Measurable Increase 5% of sales compare to the previous year Achievable Producing new product to influence and increase the purchasing of consumers of our product Realistic Facing so many competitors, product packaging and convenient of having the product, good services should be there to attract customers. So, an increment of 5% in revenue should not be a problem. Timely In year 2012, increase the sales and revenue by 5% and remain increase 5% year by year. GSK is focused on delivering three strategic priorities to transform into a company that delivers more growth that has less risk and an improved long-term financial performance. To be a successful and sustainable business, GSK also fulfils the social responsibilities. By doing this GSK is seen like more responsive, more flexible and more open. Three Strategic priorities The first priority of GSK is growing a diversified global business. GSK diversifying its business to create a balanced product portfolio, in the same time move away from reliance on traditional like white pill or western markets. Besides that, GSK also investing in key growth areas such as Emerging Markets, Japan, Vaccines and the Consumer Healthcare business. Next, the second priority is delivering more products of value. It aims to sustain in an industry leading pipeline of products, this is to ensuring that they demonstrate value for healthcare providers. The RD strategy is built around to focusing on the best science which diversifying through externalisation of research and also improving the returns on investment. The last priority is simplifying the operating model. GSK is a large and complex organisation which is transforming the operating model to reduce the complexities, to improve efficiency and also reducing the costs. The marketing mix strategy which need 4P (Product, Price, Place, Promotion) to make the market decision, actually is the best strategy to be used on the company in the industry. Marketing Mix Product Horlicks is considered one of GSKs main brands in the health food segment. Due to slow profit made in health products of Horlicks, the company has come up with strategies to push the flagship of the brand. Horlicks has previously target old people as a nourishment health drink for, but now they are re-launching its brand and targeting children in the market. GSK is expecting Horlicks to have an increase in turnover of health food sector. Horlicks has relaunched new products that are now available in the market such as Chocolate, Creamy Vanilla and Honey Buzz varieties in package that not only tickles the taste bud of children but also providing nutrients for the health and growth of children such as Vitamin A, Proteins, Carbohydrate and so on. A fresh new image for  Horlicks Price Horlick has white and brown drinks, where the white drink is for entire family and the brown drink focuses on children. White drink has a faster growth rate and this has added the benefits of enhancing the healthy image of Horlicks. This does not mean the target market of children has left unattended. Horlicks now positioned as a nourishment drink targeting children of age group between 8-14. Children nowadays have huge influence on things that family members buy, and therefore Horlicks prefer children to purchase their health drinks. Horlicks has also come up with products that that target kids between one and three. Place In UK, Horlicks already is a very famous product which able to found in every hypermarket, mini market in UK. Other than that, it also can be found in all the convenience stores. Besides that, the main wholesalers distribute products, so small shops within easy reach of local grain through the cash and carry. Promotion In order to increase consumer awareness of the brand of Horlicks, GSK can promote the product through TV advertisement, radio advertisement. Besides that, it also can advertise in the cinema before a movie or having a banner on the internet. On the other hand, we can also having free gift of Horlicks product by giving through the radio when the audience answer one question about Horlicks.

An Analysis of Advertisement Essay

In the Hunter/Gatherer section of Omnivore’s Dilemma, Pollan talks about what it takes to accomplish the task of developing a meal on his own; consequently, the people of today’s society are so used to the abundance of food that they have no idea what all is involved in establishing a full meal. Americans take this great abundance of food for granted, which causes an increased craving for more. This is where the world of advertisement has been the strongest. One of the easiest ways to reach people is through their food; therefore, major food industries try to lure people in at all costs just to buy their products. The Fast food industry is the ringleader of all this trickery. They try their best to make people believe that their food is the best on the market, and in this process they hide several of their flaws with a beautiful or very appealing advertisement. The creation of an advertisement has been broken down into a specific science where the creator of the advertisement can specifically pinpoint the targeted audience’s interests. The advertisement of industrial foods has become a major weakness in the American culture; consequently, the factors of this weakness come from the inability for omnivores to make the right decision on what to eat, whether or not the food is good for them, the lack of courtesy for others and themselves, and the failure to see through the pretty colors and the attractive facade advertisements display. One example of this corruption of food culture can be viewed in a simple Carl’s Jr. ad. In this advertisement, there is depicted a hamburger and few lines of text, but the simplicity of this ad is what makes it all the more deceiving. The creator of this ad uses several pictorial techniques in order to captivate anyone that may see it. First of all, the colors in the hamburger are brilliant and eye-catching such as: the perfect golden color of the sesame seed bun; the bright yellow of the cheese between two layers of perfectly charbroiled beef patties; the vibrant red of the ketchup; and the perfectly fresh look of the tomatoes, onions, and lettuce. This ad rives its viewers to believe that this hamburger is ideal and seems almost tangible. As though the brilliant colors of the hamburger was not enough, the creator of this ad uses a black background in order to illuminate all the hamburger’s superlative attributes. As the ad is further examined, the three line of white, bolded text is inescapable, especially on the black background. Another way the advertiser att racts the viewer is through the positioning of the ad on the poster, billboard, etc. Here in this particular ad, the picture has almost perfect axial balance. This means that the main focus of the ad, the burger, is the central item of the whole ad, and this is definitely the first thing the advertiser wants his viewers to see. Another thing about the orientation of the picture is almost looks three-dimensional. The advertiser does this so that the viewer can get as close to the burger without smelling it or tasting it as possible. The next biggest thing on the advertisement is the catchy phrase that is in a special font and size that is the next thing that catches the eye. The ambience in the Carl’s Jr. dvertisement is that of a bold hunger and also casually crude. This mood is set not only by the picture but also by what the words imply. The phrase printed on the ad, â€Å" She’ll tell you size doesn’t matter. She’s lying† is an old joke that is crude and degrading for women. Here, in an underlying way, women are itemized and they are seen as some kind of prize instead of a human being. Not only does th e text degrade women but also men. It degrades men in that the creator of this advertisement thinks that all men walk around thinking about sex all the time. Unfortunately, this is probably true, and it is a pretty â€Å"low blow† to take advantage of such a serious weakness. Pollan states that one of the omnivore’s frequently asked question is â€Å"What should we do for dinner† (1). When searching for the answer, people will seek it anywhere, and sadly, many fall into the vulgarity of this ad. Pollan explains this notion when he says, â€Å"When you can eat just about anything nature has to offer, deciding what you should eat will inevitably stir anxiety, especially when some of the potential foods on offer are liable to kill you† (3). Although a hamburger may not kill someone, the insinuation of sex in the ad can drag people down to the nasty greasy level of the burger. Although this ad is crude and misleading, the creator of it uses pathos, ethos and logos very well in order to reach a future consumer. The pathos, or emotion, that the advertiser sets through his ad is that of sex and pride. Both of these are not actually stated in the ad, but these are the emotions that take place when the ad is comprehended. The creator of this ad has a certain target, and that target is any man over the age of thirteen. He uses their greatest weakness, their sex drive, to lure them I to wanting one of those burgers. This use of sexual reference is a very good example of logos because the creator uses the tactic of testing men’s pride. A great amount of a man’s pride comes from his sexual endowments. Here in this article those endowments are being tested from the standpoint of almost saying, â€Å"Are you man enough to eat this burger? † The ethos of this ad though is low. Usually it is not right to take advantage of someone’s greatest weakness, which is done here to men. But, because of the ongoing battle between fast food chains today, it is important to take advantage of any weakness the consumer may have in order to win their business. The role of this Carl’s Jr. advertisement is an excellent example of how the world views food and the lack of respect for it. The statement made in the text is a crude, humorous, cliche joke that has been a little over used. The advertiser shows not only his level of maturity, but also the maturity of the consumers that fall for this trick. It is not just what the words say on the ad that makes it wrong, but what the words imply. This underlying reference towards sex is probably the lowest advertisers could reach to appeal to their targeted consumers. Where in a hamburger does someone get sexual aspirations? There is nothing sexy or in any way appealing of someone eating a giant, messy hamburger. For people to be satisfied in their food because it is advertised in this way is absurd and disrespectful not only to the food itself, but also the people who prepared it. In this particular Carl’s Jr. ad, all that is shown is the glorious end product of a long line of â€Å"dirty work†, and the middleman who did that work is forgotten. If people had to go back to the days when the meal had to provided without the help industry, there would be a whole new level of respect for those who work to produce those foods. The hunter/ gatherer group was allowed to see a small portion of what steps it takes to get a meal on the table from the very beginning. The greatest dilemma that they faced was finding enough food, and in the beginning, having food at all. Although this was a great obstacle, it also gave the group a sense of accomplishment when they had conquered the task producing a complete meal without the help of anything but nature. This way of life is how people had to do it before there were any industrial food chains. It has almost become a lost art. Pollan explains this when he says, â€Å"Now there are some people (though not all that many of them anymore) for whom such a radically self-made meal exists firmly in the realm of possibility. I am not one of them† (277). He uses himself as an example of this loss of culture and heritage. In this advertisement of the Carl’s Jr. Super Star with cheese, many things can be taken from the simple picture of the burger and the text. The fast food industry has ruined people because they have all the food they need at a quick cheap price, and unfortunately this has caused people to take the life necessity of food for granted. People have perverted the food industry with their lack of respect for food and themselves through the food they eat and the way that food is sometimes advertised. Industrial food chains make their ads look so perfect and tasty, but unfortunately, the real thing is nowhere near what is advertised. Fast food is a trick that everyone is falling for. This quick food blinds people to the hard work it takes to get the meal from the field to the table.

Mercantilism and the Physiocracy

Individual economic activity was less controlled by the custom and tradition of the feudal society and the authority of the church. Production of goods for market became more important and land, labor and capital began to be bought and sold in markets. This laid the groundwork for the Industrial Revolution in the second part in the 18th century. However, we have to remember, that still we are talking about pre-industrial world, where agriculture is the most important sector of the economy.During this period from 16th to the half of 18th century, economic thinking developed from simple applications of ideas about individuals, households and producers to a more complicated view of the economy as a system with laws and interrelationships of its own. Mercantilism. Mercantilism is the name given to the economic literature and practice in Europe of the period between 1500 and 1750. Although mercantilist literature was produced in all the developing economies of Western Europe (and I should add some Eastern European, for example in Poland, economies too), the most significant contributions were made by the English and the French.Whereas the economic literature of scholasticism was written by medieval churchmen, the economic theory of mercantilism was the work of secular people, mostly merchant businessmen, who were privately engaged in selling and buying goods. The literature they produced focused on questions of economic policy and was usually related to a particular interest the merchant and writer (in one person) was trying to promote. For this reason, there was often considerable skepticism regarding the analytical merits of particular arguments and the validity of their conclusions.Few authors could claim to be sufficiently detached from their private issues and offer objective economic analysis. However, throughout the mercantilism, both the quantity (there were over 2000 economic works published in 16th and 17th century) and quality of economic literature grew. The mercantilist literature from 1650 to 1750 was of distinctly higher quality, these writers created or touched on nearly all analytical concept on which Adam Smith based his Wealth of Nations, which was published in 1776.The age of mercantilism has been characterized as one in which every person was his own economist. Since the various writers between 1500 and 1750 held very diverse views, it is difficult to generalize about the resulting literature. Furthermore, each writer tended to concentrate on one topic, and no single writer was able to synthesize these contributions impressively enough to influence the subsequent evelopment of economic theory. Secondly, mercantilism can best be understood as an intellectual reaction to the problems of the times.In this period of the decline of feudalism and the rise of the nation-states, the mercantilists tried to determine the best policies for promoting the power and wealth of the nation, the policies that would best consolidate and incr ease the power and prosperity of the developing economies. What is especially important here is the mercantilistic assumption that the total wealth of the world was fixed and constant. These writers applied the assumption to rade between nations, concluding that any increase in the wealth and economic power of one nation occurred at the expense of other nations (the rest of the world).Thus, the mercantilists emphasized international trade as a mean of increasing the wealth and power of a nation. Using some modern game-theoretic language, we may say, that they perceived economic activity and international trade in particular as a zero-sum game, that is a game, where it is impossible for both players to win (In a two-person zero-sum game, the payoff to one player is the negative of that going to the other player). So according to mercantilists, it is impossible to increase a global wealth of the world in effect of international trade.It is a very sad assumption, and modern economists do not snare it. The goal of economic activity, according to most mercantilists, was production, not consumption, as classical economists would later have it. They advocated increasing the nation's wealth by simultaneously encouraging production, increasing exports and holding down domestic consumption. Thus, in practice, the wealth of nation rested on the poverty of the many members of society. One again, they advocated igh level of production, high level of export and low domestic consumption.